Amritsar is a historic city in the northwestern Indian state of Punjab, near the border with Pakistan. Revered as the spiritual and cultural heart of Sikhism, it is home to the Golden Temple (Sri Harmandir Sahib) and stands as a symbol of faith, resilience, and Punjabi heritage. Its blend of sacred landmarks and modern vibrancy makes it one of India’s most visited destinations. 

Key facts

• Founded: 1574 CE by Guru Ram Das

• State: Punjab, India

• Population: ~2.49 million (2025 district estimate)

• Area: 2,683 km²

• Major airport: Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport (ATQ) 

Origins and historical significance

Amritsar’s name derives from Amrit Sarovar—the “Pool of Nectar” excavated under Guru Ram Das. His successor, Guru Arjan Dev, completed the pool and constructed the Harmandir Sahib at its center, later gilded by Maharaja Ranjit Singh in the early 19th century. The city witnessed defining moments in Indian history, notably the Jallianwala Bagh massacre (1919) and the 1984 military assault on the Golden Temple complex. 

Cultural and spiritual center

A pilgrimage for millions of Sikhs worldwide, Amritsar exemplifies community and service through the Golden Temple’s langar, the world’s largest free kitchen. Beyond its gurdwaras, the city reflects a composite heritage of faiths and artistic expression—seen in its music, dance, crafts, and cuisine. 

Heritage and modern attractions

Visitors experience solemnity at Jallianwala Bagh, patriotic fervor at the Wagah-Attari Border ceremony, and history at the Partition Museum and Gobindgarh Fort. The old city’s bazaars—especially Hall Bazaar and Guru Bazaar—bustle with trade in phulkari embroidery, Punjabi juttis, and spices.